Last updated: Oct. 20, 1999
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Georg Friedrich Händel
ALEXANDER BALUS
(1748)
An Oratorio
Words by Thomas Morell
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
Alexander Balus, King of Syria (alto)
Ptolemee, King of Egypt (bass)
Jonathan, Chief of the Jews (tenor)
Cleopatra, Daughter to Ptolemee (soprano)
Aspasia, her Confident (soprano)
A Sycophant Courtier (tenor)
Messenger (tenor)
Another Messenger (bass)
Chorus of Israelites
Chorus of Asiates
Chorus of Ruffians
ACT ONE
1. Overture
Scene 1
Upon the return of Alexander from the conquest of Demetrius.
2. Chorus of Asiates
Flush'd with conquest, fir'd by Mithra,
Fountain of eternal rays,
Sing we to Balus, sing we to Mithra
Songs of triumph, songs of praise.
3. Recitative
Alexander
Thus far, ye glorious partners of the war,
The pow'r on high hath prosper'd our designs.
Demetrius is fall'n, and Syria bows
To me, her lord, with universal joy.
I will repay them with those royal virtues,
Justice and clemency.
Jonathan
Most noble king!
The sons of Israel, no less of peace
Desirous, than alert and brave in war
Whene'er their country calls, congratulate
This your success; and gifts, yet more than gifts,
Their hands and hearts they offer in firm league,
As late accepted by imperial Rome.
Alexander
Thy boon is granted: be it wrote on brass,
That Jonathan is Alexander's friend;
The hearts of brothers govern in our loves,
And sway our great resolves.
Jonathan
Confirm it, Heav'n.
4. Air
Jonathan
Great Author of this harmony,
Who rul'st in Heav'n above,
Oh, bind this league of amity
With chains of lasting love.
Flourish of trumpets.
5. Recitative
Ptolemee
And thus let happy Egypt's king
Speak his affection with the trumpet's sound,
That the surrounding nations all may know,
Balus commands the pow'rs of Ptolemee,
Or to secure, or to adorn his throne.
6. Air
Ptolemee
Thrice happy the monarch, whom nations contend,
With counsels to guide, and with arms to defend:
Secure stands the throne, that on concord relies,
As by concord preserv'd are the earth and the skies.
Thrice happy. . . da capo
7. Recitative
Cleopatra
Congratulation to our father's friend,
Amidst this general joy, directs our part.
But how shall Cleopatra entertain
The royal ear, unless Apollo's self
Deigns to attune to his own harp my song?
8. Air
Cleopatra
Hark, hark! He strikes the golden lyre,
And tells it to his joyful choir,
His Alexander reigns.
Ye docil echoes, catch the sound,
And spread the blessing all around
In sweet harmonious strains.
9. Recitative
Alexander
Be it my chief ambition there to rise,
Where for these obligations true desert
May speak me grateful.
10. Air
Alexander
Fair virtue shall charm me,
And honour shall warm me
This love to repay:
While steams flow from fountains,
And flocks on the mountains
Or valleys shall stray.
11. Chorus of Asiates
Ye happy nations round,
Loudly triumph, your voices raise!
In choral symphony resound
Great Alexander's praise.
Scene 2
12. Recitative
Alexander
My Jonathan,
Didst thou mark well her graces? Didst thou feel
The music of her eye? To me it seem'd
More soft and sweet than her melodious voice.
Beauty's a pleasing tyranny, my friend,
Which laughs at the reluctance of the will,
And humbles to her lure the hearts of kings.
13. Air
Alexander
Oh, what resistless charms are giv'n
To symmetry of feature!
It seems the model of Heav'n,
And triumph of all nature.
Oh, what. . . da capo.
Scene 3
14. Air
Cleopatra
Subtle love, with fancy viewing,
Rapt'rous joys on joys ensuing,
Plays around my captive heart.
Cautious reason fain would ease me,
But all efforts to release me
Only deeper fix the dart.
Subtle love. . . da capo
15. Recitative
Cleopatra
Aspasia, I know not what to call
This interview. Grant, O ye pow'rs, it prove
A happy one! But I am sick with doubt.
Mark'd you the king, Aspasia? Look'd he not
A king indeed, while on his radiant brow,
Deck'd with the rosy rays of youth, love seem'd
To sit enthron'd and full of majesty?
16. Air
Cleopatra
How happy should we mortals prove,
How joyous spend the live-long day,
If silent merit gain'd the love
That crafty courtship steals away.
17. Recitative
Aspasia
Check not the pleasing accents of thy tongue,
Nor be asham'd, fair princess, to declare
A passion for the brave. 'Tis a reward,
Besides the honours of the well-fought field,
They justly claim: "none else deserves the fair".
18. Air
Aspasia
So shall the sweet attractive smile,
Winning graces,
Soft embraces,
Ever crown the soldier's toil:
When he a while forgets the noise
Of loud alarms
And clashing arms,
To triumph in connubial joys.
So shall. . . da capo
19. Recitative
Cleopatra
How blissful state...
Aspasia
That blissful state of yours!
Cleopatra
When neither tyrant custom rules the choice...
Aspasia
Nor fickle flights of fancy guide the will...
Cleopatra
But equal love on equal merit form'd,
With pure affection feeds the constant flame.
20. Duet
Cleopatra & Aspasia
O, what pleasures, past expressing,
Flow from pure and constant love!
All is joy, and all is blessing,
Which the circling hours improve.
Scene 4
21. Recitative
Jonathan
Why hangs this heavy gloom upon the brow
Of Syria's monarch, while his big heart heaves
With sudden passion? Hath the royal maid,
Worthy indeed of Alexander's love,
Enslav'd the mighty conqueror? Know thyself,
'Tis thine to ask, and Ptolemee's to grant.
Alexander
Aye, be it so! With speed, my friend, dispatch
The message, rich with gifts, worthy a king.
But oh, what gifts! Had I a word to give,
It were not equal price for such a gem.
22. Air
Alexander
Heroes may boast their mighty deeds,
And talk of conquests in high strains:
Yet oft more pow'rful beauty leads
The conqueror captive in chains.
Fly swift, on borrow'd wings of love,
Ye tardy-footed minutes, fly!
And bring the sentence, to remove
This frantic torture, live or die.
Heroes. . . da capo
Scene 5
23. Recitative
Jonathan
Ye sons of Judah, with high festival
Proclaim this happy day. The sword is ceas'd
From Israel. The captives are restor'd,
And liberty, that life of life itself,
And soul of property, directs her sons,
To praise the donor with extatic joy.
24. Air
Jonathan
Great God, from whom all blessings spring,
Life, liberty, and fame;
To thee let grateful Judah sing,
And magnify thy name.
25. Chorus of Israelites
These are thy gifts, almighty king,
Life, liberty, and fame;
To thee let grateful Judah sing,
And magnify thy name.
ACT TWO
Scene 1
26. Air
Alexander
Kind hope, thou universal friend,
Sweet balm in all distress,
Still, still a lover's pray'r attend
With fancied raptures of success.
So shall my love-sick soul have ease,
And make her voyage in smoother seas.
Kind hope. . . da capo
27. Recitative
Jonathan
Long, long and happy live the king! Thus speaks
The messenger from Egypt: Ptolemee
Greets thee his son, and Cleopatra, deck'd
In all the lustre of blooming bride,
At Ptolemais waits the smiling hour.
Alexander
Thither let us haste, my Jonathan,
And all the thorny cares of state apart,
Seize the sweet hour, and revel in delight.
28. Air
Alexander
O Mithra, with thy brightest beams
Shine out serene and gay.
And pour forth all thy golden streams,
To glad our bridal day.
O Mithra. . . da capo
29. Recitative
A sycophant courtier
Stay, my dread sov'reign, and let just revenge
Secure thy throne. A base ungrateful man,
Covering fell purpose with the specious mask
Of friendship, plots against thy throne, thy life.
Loyal affection dictates this, yet more,
It bids me stay, that Jonathan is he.
Alexander
'Tis false! Avvaunt, before I frown thee dead.
Bring me, my lords, the richest purple robe,
And ducal crown: much more deserves my friend,
My brother Jonathan, and more I will
Exalt thee, best of men; for sacred is
This day to honour, gratitude, and love.
Jonathan
There is no greatness in mortality,
That can tie up the gall of sland'rous tongues,
Or 'scape th'intended wounds of calumny.
'Tis a rough brake, the virtuous must go through,
Ever in danger, and yet ever safe,
In the protection of Almighty Pow'r.
30. Air
Jonathan
Hateful man! Thy sland'rous tongue
Throws in vain the poison'd dart.
Know, that 'twill recoil ere long,
Doom'd to stab the traitor's heart.
Hateful man. . . da capo
31. Chorus of Israelites
O calumny, on virtue waiting,
Shadow-like, yet virtue hating;
Fly these upper regions, fly,
Native of the shades below,
Thither, thither go!
Go with all thy base designing,
All thy forging, feigning, coining,
And in darkness ever lie.
Scene 2
32. Recitative
Cleopatra
Ah! Whence these dire forebodings of the mind?
Why droops my soul, when on the verge of bliss?
Is he not brave, successful, good, a king,
And all that can deserve return of love?
Yet apprehension of I know not what
Hangs heavy on my soul, and checks the rising joy.
33. Air
Cleopatra
Tost from thought to thought I rove,
Joys surround me,
Fears confound me.
Ev'ry passion's thine, O love.
Love, thou pleasing irksome guest!
Wishes rising,
Doubts surprising,
Give thy changeful tide no rest.
Tost. . . da capo
34. Recitative
Aspasia
Give to the winds, fair princess, these vain doubts
And anxious fears; nor think that they arise
From skill prophetic in the book of fate,
But from pure nature, that with decent strife,
'Twixt hope and fear, views th'approaching scene.
35. Air
Aspasia
Love, glory, ambition, whate'er can inspire
A flame that is lasting or purest desire,
Unite in the choice of a monarch so great,
To make ev'ry joy, ev'ry blessing complete.
Then give to the winds these disconsolate tears,
When the promising morn of all comfort appears.
Love. . . da capo
Scene 3
36. Recitative
Ptolemee
Thus far my wishes thrive. With eager joy
Fond Alexander rushes on the toils.
Friend, brother, son or whate'er he be, he falls;
He falls to my ambition. 'Twas for this
I gave him Cleopatra; and for this
With other arts will strengthen our alliance,
Till I can work his ruin. Yes, I've fawn'd,
But only to devour; and soon will hurl
This happy monarch from his fancied throne,
To seat therein whom I can better rule,
The young Demetrius.
37. Air
Ptolemee
Virtue, thou ideal name,
All thy honours I disclaim;
Vain delight of coward minds!
Bold ambition knows no law,
Active souls, like mine, to awe,
Raging fierce as boist'rous winds.
Virtue. . . da capo
Scene 4
38. Accompagnato
Jonathan
Ye happy people, with loud accents speak
Your grateful joy in Hymenean verse;
Balus and Cleopatra claim the song.
39. Solo & Chorus
Jonathan & Israelites
Triumph Hymen in the pair;
Thus united,
Thus delighted,
Brave as one, the other fair.
40. Recitative
Alexander
Glad time, at length, hath reach'd the happy point,
Where long-liv'd hope in sweet possession dies.
Mithra, I thank thee, Cleopatra is mine.
Thou sacred pow'r, bear witness to my love,
Warm as thy fires, and pure as mid-day light.
Cleopatra
Let Isis ever bind my grateful heart
To duteous vows, and more than loyal love.
41. Duet
Alexander
Hail wedded love, mysterious law!
Hearts delighting,
Souls uniting,
A thousand sweets from thee we draw.
Cleopatra
A thousand sweets from thee we draw,
Peace and pleasure,
Without measure,
From wedded love's mysterious law.
42. Chorus of Asiates
Hymen, fair Urania's son,
Show'r thy choicest blessings down
On the lovely royal pair;
Let pure honour and delight
Crown the day, and bless the night,
As he is brave, and she is fair.
ACT THREE
Scene 1
A Garden.
43. Sinfonia
44. Recitative
Cleopatra
'Tis true, instinctive nature seldom points
At some approaching ill in vain. But sure,
In vain were all my former doubts and fears:
For I am happy, happy beyond thought,
In this bright scene of ever-constant joy.
45. Air
Cleopatra
Here, amid the shady woods,
Flagrant flow'rs and crystal floods,
Taste, my soul, this charming seat,
Love and glory's calm retreat.
Hence, vain doubt, and idle fear:
Joy and only joy dwells here.
46. Solo & Chorus
Ruffians
Mistaken queen! The Gods and Ptolemee
Have otherwise ordain'd! You must with us.
Cleopatra
Help, help, O Isis, Alexander, help!
Scene 2
47. Recitative
Alexander
Ah, was it not my Cleopatra's voice?
The voice of Cleopatra in distress?
It cannot be. — What beast can leap these walls?
Or more than bold and fierce, that dares invade
Our royal privacy? — Yet she was here,
And I did promise to partake with her
The sweet and solid pleasures of retirement.
48. Air
Alexander
Pow'rful guardians of all nature,
O preserve my beauteous love!
Keep from insult the dear creature,
Virtue sure has charms to move.
Pow'rful guardians. . . da capo
49. Recitative
Jonathan
Treach'ry, O king, unheard of treachery
Stalks through the kingdom with gigantic steps,
And glories in success. The Syrian towns
Have Ptolemee receiv'd with open gates,
As your kind friend and father. Ent'ring thus
He with Egyptian soldiers garrison'd
Each place, and now at Antioch hath assum'd
The double crown of Egypt and Asia.
Alexander
Talk'st thou of crowns and kingdoms lost, my friend,
We will recover them: but know'st thou aught
Of Cleopatra? — Faithful Aspasia,
Where is my queen, my Cleopatra?
Aspasia
Brib'd by pernicious gold, 'tis said, your guards
Admitted ruffians, sent by Ptolemee,
To seize the queen for young Demetrius.
Alexander
Horror, Confusion! Call my forces round.
To arms, my Jonathan, and let us rush
Upon the guileful foe, that he may feel
The fury of affronted majesty.
50. Air
Alexander
Fury, with red sparkling eyes,
Rise, in all thy terrors rise;
All around destruction deal!
That revenge may give some ease,
Or cold death a kind release
To the horrid pains I feel.
Fury. . . da capo
51. Recitative
Aspasia
Gods! Can there be a more afflicting sight,
Than such majestic greatness in distress?
How is he fall'n from empire, love, and joy,
The wretched scorn of mercenary slaves!
52. Air
Aspasia
Strange reverse of human fate,
Mighty joy, and mighty woe!
None are happy, none are great
In this changeful state below.
53. Recitative
Jonathan
May he return with laurel'd victory
On his glad brow. But oh, I fear the gods,
The creature gods he trusteth cannot help!
They are no gods, but mere delusion all.
54. Air
Jonathan
To God, who made the radiant sun,
And fix'd him in his central throne,
The paler moon, and ev'ry star,
That darts his beamy light from far;
To Him, almighty, greatest, best,
Jehovah, Lord of Hosts confest,
All victory belongs.
To Him alone 'tis Judah's care,
To offer up their humble pray'r,
And tune their grateful songs.
55. Chorus of Israelites
Sun, moon and stars, and all ye host of Heav'n,
To great Jehovah be all glory giv'n.
On his creating, his all-saving pow'r,
Judah shall call, and him alone adore.
Scene 3
56. Recitative
Ptolemee (to Cleopatra)
Yes, he was false, my daughter, false to you,
And hath conspir'd against thy father's life.
Self-preservation, and paternal care
For you, my child, oblig'd me to dethrone
This kingly counterfeit. Then think no more
Of the lost Alexander, but receive
A worthier hero, whom thy father wills.
Cleopatra
Impossible! He never could be false
To me, or you; so brave, so just, so good!
But oh, indulge me once more with the sight,
The last farewell, of him, to whom I'm bound
By nature's strongest tie, connubial love.
57. Accompagnato
Ptolemee
Ungrateful child, by ev'ry sacred pow'r,
Thou never, never shalt behold him more.
In vain you sigh, in vain you mourn;
For soon thy rebel heart shall learn,
With smiles to weldome our return.
58. Air
Ptolemee
O sword, and thou, all-daring hand,
Thy aid alone I crave.
Nor other gods or pow'rs demand,
To conquer or to save.
O sword. . . da capo
Scene 4
59. Recitative
Cleopatra
Shall Cleopatra ever smile again?
Oh, no! Whate'er a father may command,
He cannot change the course of heart-sore grief.
Messenger
Ungrateful tidings to the royal ear,
I bring, O queen; but such the will of fate.
The valiant Jew hath vanquish'd thrice his foes,
Whom, flying to Azotus, he pursued,
And on their city swift destruction pour'd,
Not sparing Dagon's temple, or the god;
And now returns in triumph. — But the king,
Alas, the king, o'erpower'd by Ptolemee,
Your father, and deserted by his host,
Sought refuge in Arabia, but in vain:
For treach'rous Zabdiel, heeding not the pray'r
That he pour'd forth in bitterness of soul,
Not for himself, but you, his queen, his life,
Hath with remorseless sword smote off his head.
60. Air
Cleopatra
O take me from this hateful light:
Torture end me,
Death befriend me,
Wrapt in shades of endless night.
61. Recitative
Another messenger
Forgive, O queen, the messenger of ill!
Cleopatra
Say on, say on.
All strange and terrible events are welcome
To one, whose only comfort is despair.
Messenger
From the dread scene of bloody war I come,
Where Ptolemee, your father, raging fierce
And fearless, ever in the formemost rank,
From many a gaping wound hath breath'd his soul.
Cleopatra
This is thy havock, O ambition, bane
Of human happiness! Oh! Had I ne'er
Been born a queen, to feel the dire effects
That wait the fortune of the wretched great.
But vain is all complaint.
62. Accompagnato
Calm thou my soul,
Kind Isis, with a noble scorn of life,
Ideal joys, and momentary pains,
That flatter or disturb this waking dream.
63. Air
Cleopatra
Convey me to some peaceful shore,
Where no tumultuous billows roar,
Where life, though joyless, still is calm,
And sweet content is sorrow's balm.
There free from pomp and care, to wait,
Forgetting and forgot, the will of fate.
Scene 5
64. Recitative
Jonathan
Mysterious are thy ways, O Providence!
But always true and just. By Thee kings reign,
By Thee they fall. — Where is now Egypt's boast?
Where thine, O Syria, laid low in dust,
While chosen Judah triumphs in success,
And feels the presence of Jehovah's arm.
Mindful of this, let Israel ever fear,
With filial reverence, his tremendous name,
And with obsequious hearts exalt his praise.
65. Solo and Chorus
Jonathan & Israelites
Ye servants of th'eternal King,
His pow'r and glory sing,
And speak of all his righteous ways
With wonder and with praise.
Amen. Hallelujah. Amen.
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